The Federal Reserve (Fed) has finally reached the top of the monetary policy mountain. But the performance of bonds and stocks shows why policymakers’ doveish turn isn’t necessarily a good sign for investors.
Monetary policymakers raised the Fed funds target range by 25 basis points on March 22, to 4.75% to 5%, as expected, yet the key development was introducing new language in their statement that effectively opened the door to the end of the hiking cycle. Here’s how the statement from the Federal Open Market Committee changed from the previous meeting in February.
The Committee anticipates that ongoing increases in the target range will require some additional policy firming that may be appropriate to attain a stance of monetary policy that is sufficiently restrictive to return inflation to 2% over time.
That new language helped bring Treasury yields sharply lower. In the past, such a move would have lit a fire under US stocks, but instead, the S&P 500 Index fell 1.6%, with equity risk premiums rising higher on the day. All industry groups closed in the red, led by banks and real estate investment trusts (Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen contributed to the selloff by saying regulators aren’t looking to provide blanket deposit insurance to stabilise the banking system).
The Fed’s change of tone comes, of course, as policymakers weigh the fallout from a banking crisis that’s roiled markets for much of the month. Fed Chair Jerome Powell said he still doesn’t know the long-term economic impact, but it prompted him and his colleagues to change their thinking on the balance of risks between inflation and growth.
One telling feature of his speeches in the past year has been the increasingly vague language — moving from concrete to wishful — about the possibility of a “soft landing” in which the Fed tames inflation without causing a recession. Recall that in mid-2022, he was touting a “good chance” of such an outcome. But over the past year, he’s acknowledged a narrowing path.
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On March 22, he said it was “hard to see” how the recent events in the banking sector “would have helped the possibility”: The question will be how long this period is sustained. The longer it’s sustained, the greater the likelihood of tightening in credit availability. … I still think there’s a pathway to that [soft landing]. I think that pathway still exists, and we’re trying to find it.”
At this point, it sounds a bit like the search for a mythical holy grail. That helps explain why the equity risk premium — measured here as the spread between forward earnings yields and yields on 10-year Treasury notes — jumped 17 basis points on the day.
Granted, that doesn’t mean that a recession is imminent. It is still conceivable that the banking sector turmoil will cool further and that the US economy will muddle along for a while. Relatively strong balance sheets still cushion households and companies, and one high-frequency measure of consumer sentiment from decision intelligence company Morning Consult shows attitudes were hardly dented by the recent market mayhem (Another March 10 to March 13 survey from the same company showed a jump in concern about job and income stability).
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The broader issue is that the Fed has just finished raising interest rates by 475 basis points in just over a year, and the long and variable lags of monetary policy are only starting to kick in for this late-cycle economy. “That’s why all these events are being magnified so much,” John Leer, chief economist for Morning Consult, told me by phone on March 23 before the Fed’s announcement.
That’s also why no one should take solace in the potential end of rate increases. The central bank may be reaching the top of its policy rate mountain, but with a lingering inflation problem, it isn’t likely to start coming down anytime soon. Meanwhile, the next round of problems is only beginning to bubble up. — Bloomberg Opinion
